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Alpha Centauri

Coordinates: Sky map 14h 39m 36.4951s, −60° 50′ 02.308″
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(Redirected from Toliman)
For other uses, see Alpha Centauri (disambiguation). "α Centauri" redirects here. Not to be confused with a Centauri, A Centauri or Centaurus A. "Toliman" redirects here. For other uses, see Toliman (disambiguation). For α Centauri C (Proxima Centauri), see Proxima Centauri.

Alpha Centauri AB[a]
Two bright stars against a dense background of fainter stars, with one of the fainter stars circled in red
Alpha Centauri AB (left) forms a triple star system with Proxima Centauri (bottom to the α Centauri AB system), circled in red. The bright star system to the right is Beta Centauri.
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0
Constellation Centaurus
α Centauri A (Rigil Kentaurus)
Right ascension 14h 39m 36.49400s[1]
Declination −60° 50′ 02.3737″
Apparent magnitude (V) +0.01[2]
α Centauri B (Toliman)
Right ascension 14h 39m 35.06311s[1]
Declination −60° 50′ 15.0992″
Apparent magnitude (V) +1.33[2]
Characteristics
A
Spectral type G2V[3]
U−B colour index +0.24[citation needed]
B−V colour index +0.71[2]
B
Spectral type K1V[3]
U−B colour index +0.68[citation needed]
B−V colour index +0.88[2]
Astrometry
A
Radial velocity (Rv)−21.4±0.76 [4] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: −3679.25[1] mas/yr
Dec.: 473.67[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)750.81 ± 0.38 mas[5]
Distance4.344 ± 0.002 ly
(1.3319 ± 0.0007 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)4.38[6]
B
Radial velocity (Rv)−18.6±1.64[4] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: −3614.39[1] mas/yr
Dec.: +802.98[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)750.81 ± 0.38 mas[5]
Distance4.344 ± 0.002 ly
(1.3319 ± 0.0007 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)5.71[6]
Orbit[5]
PrimaryA
CompanionB
Period (P)79.762±0.019 yr
Semi-major axis (a)17.493±0.0096″
Eccentricity (e)0.51947±0.00015
Inclination (i)79.243±0.0089°
Longitude of the node (Ω)205.073±0.025°
Periastron epoch (T)1875.66±0.012
Argument of periastron (ω)
(secondary)		231.519±0.027°
Details
α Centauri A
Mass1.0788±0.0029[5] M☉
Radius1.2175±0.0055[5] R☉
Luminosity1.5059±0.0019[5] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)4.30[7] cgs
Temperature5,804±13[8] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]0.20±0.01[8] dex
Rotation28.3±0.5 d[9]
Rotational velocity (v sin i)2.7±0.7[10] km/s
Age>4.8 Gyr
α Centauri B
Mass0.9092±0.0025[5] M☉
Radius0.8591±0.0036[5] R☉
Luminosity0.4981±0.0007[5] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)4.37[7] cgs
Temperature5,207±12[8] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]0.24±0.01[8] dex
Rotation36.7±0.3 d[11]
Rotational velocity (v sin i)1.1±0.8[12] km/s
Age5.3±0.3[13] Gyr
Other designations
α Cen A: Rigil Kentaurus, Rigil Kent, α1 Centauri, HR 5459, HD 128620, GCTP 3309.00, LHS 50, SAO 252838, HIP 71683
α Cen B: Toliman, α2 Centauri, HR 5460, HD 128621, LHS 51, HIP 71681
Database references
SIMBADAB
A
B
Exoplanet Archivedata
ARICNSdata

Alpha Centauri (α Centauri, α Cen, or Alpha Cen) is a triple star system in the southern constellation of Centaurus. It consists of three stars: Rigil Kentaurus (α Centauri A), Toliman (α Centauri B), and Proxima Centauri (α Centauri C).[14] Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Sun at 4.2465 light-years (1.3020 pc).

α Centauri A and B are Sun-like stars (class G and K, respectively) that together form the binary star system α Centauri AB. To the naked eye, these two main components appear to be a single star with an apparent magnitude of −0.27. It is the brightest star in the constellation and the third-brightest in the night sky, outshone by only Sirius and Canopus.

α Centauri A (Rigil Kentaurus) has 1.1 times the mass and 1.5 times the luminosity of the Sun, while α Centauri B (Toliman) is smaller and cooler, at 0.9 solar masses and less than 0.5 solar luminosities.[15] The pair orbit around a common centre with an orbital period of 79 years.[16] Their elliptical orbit is eccentric, so that the distance between A and B varies from 35.6 astronomical units (AU), or about the distance between Pluto and the Sun, to 11.2 AU, or about the distance between Saturn and the Sun. One astronomical unit is the distance from Earth to the Sun, 150 million kilometers.

Proxima Centauri, or α Centauri C, is a small faint red dwarf (class M). Though not visible to the naked eye, Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Sun at a distance of 4.24 ly (1.30 pc), slightly closer than α Centauri AB. Currently, the distance between Proxima Centauri and α Centauri AB is about 13,000 AU (0.21 ly),[17] equivalent to about 430 times the radius of Neptune's orbit.

Proxima Centauri has one confirmed planet: Proxima b, an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone (though it is unlikely to be habitable), one candidate planet, Proxima d, sub-Earth which orbits very closely to the star,[18] and the controversial Proxima c, a mini-Neptune 1.5 astronomical units away.[19] α Centauri A may have a Neptune-sized planet in the habitable zone, though it is not yet known with certainty to be planetary in nature and could be an artifact of the discovery mechanism.[20] α Centauri B has no known planets: Planet α Cen Bb, purportedly discovered in 2012, was later disproven,[21] and no other planet has yet been confirmed.

Etymology and nomenclature

[edit]

α Centauri (Latinised to Alpha Centauri) is the system's designation given by J. Bayer in 1603. It belongs to the constellation Centaurus, named after the half human, half horse creature in Greek mythology. Heracles accidentally wounded the centaur and placed him in the sky after his death. Alpha Centauri marks the right front hoof of the Centaur.[22] The common name Rigil Kentaurus is a Latinisation of the Arabic translation رجل القنطورس Rijl al-Qinṭūrus, meaning "the Foot of the Centaur".[23][24] Qinṭūrus is the Arabic transliteration of the Greek Κένταυρος (Kentaurus).[25] The name is frequently abbreviated to Rigil Kent (/ˈraɪdʒəl ˈkɛnt/) or even Rigil, though the latter name is better known for Rigel (β Orionis).[26][27][28][23][29][b]

An alternative name found in European sources, Toliman, is an approximation of the Arabic الظليمان aẓ-Ẓalīmān (in older transcription, aṭ-Ṭhalīmān), meaning 'the (two male) Ostriches', an appellation Zakariya al-Qazwini had applied to the pair of stars Lambda and Mu Sagittarii; it was often not clear on old star maps which name was intended to go with which star (or stars), and the referents changed over time.[33] The name Toliman originates with Jacobus Golius' 1669 edition of Al-Farghani's Compendium. Tolimân is Golius' Latinisation of the Arabic name الظلمان al-Ẓulmān "the ostriches", the name of an asterism of which Alpha Centauri formed the main star.[34][35][36][37]

α Centauri C was discovered in 1915 by Robert T. A. Innes,[38] who suggested that it be named Proxima Centaurus,[39] from Latin 'the nearest [star] of Centaurus'.[40] The name Proxima Centauri later became more widely used and is now listed by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as the approved proper name;[41][42] it is frequently abbreviated to Proxima.

In 2016, the Working Group on Star Names of the IAU,[14] having decided to attribute proper names to individual component stars rather than to multiple systems,[43] approved the name Rigil Kentaurus (/ˈraɪdʒəl kɛnˈtɔːrəs/) as being restricted to α Centauri A and the name Proxima Centauri (/ˈprɒksɪmə sɛnˈtɔːraɪ/) for α Centauri C.[44] On 10 August 2018, the IAU approved the name Toliman (/ˈtɒlɪmæn/) for α Centauri B.[45]

Other names

[edit]

During the 19th century, the northern amateur popularist E.H. Burritt used the now-obscure name Bungula (/ˈbʌŋɡjuːlə/).[46] Its origin is not known, but it may have been coined from the Greek letter beta (β) and Latin ungula 'hoof', originally for Beta Centauri (the other hoof).[26][23]

In Chinese astronomy, 南門 Nán Mén, meaning Southern Gate, refers to an asterism consisting of Alpha Centauri and Epsilon Centauri. Consequently, the Chinese name for Alpha Centauri itself is 南門二 Nán Mén Èr, the Second Star of the Southern Gate.[47]

To the Indigenous Boorong people of northwestern Victoria in Australia, Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri are Bermbermgle,[48] two brothers noted for their courage and destructiveness, who speared and killed Tchingal "The Emu" (the Coalsack Nebula).[49] The form in Wotjobaluk is Bram-bram-bult.[48]

Observation

[edit]
Alpha Centauri is located in 100x100
Alpha Centauri
class=notpageimage|
Location of α Cen in Centaurus

To the naked eye, α Centauri AB appears to be a single star, the brightest in the southern constellation of Centaurus.[50] Their apparent angular separation varies over about 80 years between 2 and 22 arcseconds (the naked eye has a resolution of 60 arcsec),[51] but through much of the orbit, both are easily resolved in binoculars or small telescopes.[52] At −0.27 apparent magnitude (combined for A and B magnitudes (see Apparent magnitude § Magnitude addition)), Alpha Centauri is a first-magnitude star and is fainter only than Sirius and Canopus.[50] It is the outer star of The Pointers or The Southern Pointers,[52] so called because the line through Beta Centauri (Hadar/Agena),[53] some 4.5° west,[52] points to the constellation Crux—the Southern Cross.[52][54] The Pointers easily distinguish the true Southern Cross from the fainter asterism known as the False Cross.[55]

South of about 29° South latitude, α Cen is circumpolar and never sets below the horizon.[c] North of about 29° N latitude, Alpha Centauri never rises. Alpha Centauri lies close to the southern horizon when viewed from the 29° North latitude to the equator (close to Hermosillo and Chihuahua City in Mexico; Galveston, Texas; Ocala, Florida; and Lanzarote, the Canary Islands of Spain), but only for a short time around its culmination.[53] The star culminates each year at local midnight on 24 April and at local 9 p.m. on 8 June.[53][56]

As seen from Earth, Proxima Centauri is 2.2° southwest from α Centauri AB; this distance is about four times the angular diameter of the Moon.[57] Proxima Centauri appears as a deep-red star of a typical apparent magnitude of 11.1 in a sparsely populated star field, requiring moderately sized telescopes to be seen. Listed as V645 Cen in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars, version 4.2, this UV Ceti star or "flare star" can unexpectedly brighten rapidly by as much as 0.6 magnitude at visual wavelengths, then fade after only a few minutes.[58] Some amateur and professional astronomers regularly monitor for outbursts using either optical or radio telescopes.[59] In August 2015, the largest recorded flares of the star occurred, with the star becoming 8.3 times brighter than normal on 13 August, in the B band (blue light region).[60]

Alpha Centauri may be inside the G-cloud of the Local Bubble,[61] and its nearest known system is the binary brown dwarf system Luhman 16, at 3.6 light-years (1.1 parsecs) from it.[62]

Observational history

[edit]
Large fuzzy white disk against a background of stars
View of Alpha Centauri from the Digitized Sky Survey-2

Alpha Centauri is listed in the 2nd century the star catalog appended to Ptolemy's Almagest. He gave its ecliptic coordinates, but texts differ as to whether the ecliptic latitude reads 44° 10′ South or 41° 10′ South.[63] (Presently the ecliptic latitude is 43.5° South, but it has decreased by a fraction of a degree since Ptolemy's time due to proper motion.) In Ptolemy's time, Alpha Centauri was visible from Alexandria, Egypt, at 31° N, but, due to precession, its declination is now –60° 51′ South, and it can no longer be seen at that latitude. English explorer Robert Hues brought Alpha Centauri to the attention of European observers in his 1592 work Tractatus de Globis, along with Canopus and Achernar, noting:

Now, therefore, there are but three Stars of the first magnitude that I could perceive in all those parts which are never seene here in England. The first of these is that bright Star in the sterne of Argo which they call Canobus [Canopus]. The second [Achernar] is in the end of Eridanus. The third [Alpha Centauri] is in the right foote of the Centaure.[64]

The binary nature of Alpha Centauri AB was recognized in December 1689 by Jean Richaud, while observing a passing comet from his station in Puducherry. Alpha Centauri was only the third binary star to be discovered, preceded by Mizar AB and Acrux.[65]

The large proper motion of Alpha Centauri AB was discovered by Manuel John Johnson, observing from Saint Helena, who informed Thomas Henderson at the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope of it. The parallax of Alpha Centauri was subsequently determined by Henderson from many exacting positional observations of the AB system between April 1832 and May 1833. He withheld his results, however, because he suspected they were too large to be true, but eventually published them in 1839 after Bessel released his own accurately determined parallax for 61 Cygni in 1838.[66] For this reason, Alpha Centauri is sometimes considered as the second star to have its distance measured because Henderson's work was not fully acknowledged at first.[66] (The distance of Alpha Centauri from the Earth is now reckoned at 4.396 light-years or 4.159×1013 km.)

Two white disks side by side, each with coloured fringes and prominent diffraction spikes
α Centauri A (left) is of the same stellar type G2 as the Sun, while α Centauri B (right) is a K1-type star.[67]

Later, John Herschel made the first micrometrical observations in 1834.[68] Since the early 20th century, measures have been made with photographic plates.[69]

By 1926, William Stephen Finsen calculated the approximate orbit elements close to those now accepted for this system.[70] All future positions are now sufficiently accurate for visual observers to determine the relative places of the stars from a binary star ephemeris.[71] Others, like D. Pourbaix (2002), have regularly refined the precision of new published orbital elements.[16]

Robert T. A. Innes discovered Proxima Centauri in 1915 by blinking photographic plates taken at different times during a proper motion survey. These showed large proper motion and parallax similar in both size and direction to those of α Centauri AB, which suggested that Proxima Centauri is part of the α Centauri system and slightly closer to Earth than α Centauri AB. As such, Innes concluded that Proxima Centauri was the closest star to Earth yet discovered.

Kinematics

[edit]
Series of partial circles centred on a small yellow disk labelled "Sun", each circle labelled with a distance, and several other small disks labelled with the names of stars.
Diagram of the closest stars to the Sun

All components of α Centauri display significant proper motion against the background sky. Over centuries, this causes their apparent positions to slowly change.[72] Proper motion was unknown to ancient astronomers. Most assumed that the stars were permanently fixed on the celestial sphere, as stated in the works of the philosopher Aristotle.[73] In 1718, Edmond Halley found that some stars had significantly moved from their ancient astrometric positions.[74]

In the 1830s, Thomas Henderson discovered the true distance to α Centauri by analysing his many astrometric mural circle observations.[75][76] He then realised this system also likely had a high proper motion.[77][78][70] In this case, the apparent stellar motion was found using Nicolas Louis de Lacaille's astrometric observations of 1751–1752,[79] by the observed differences between the two measured positions in different epochs.

Calculated proper motion of the centre of mass for α Centauri AB is about 3620 mas/y (milliarcseconds per year) toward the west and 694 mas/y toward the north, giving an overall motion of 3686 mas/y in a direction 11° north of west.[80][d] The motion of the centre of mass is about 6.1 arcmin each century, or 1.02° each millennium. The speed in the western direction is 23.0 km/s (14.3 mi/s) and in the northerly direction 4.4 km/s (2.7 mi/s). Using spectroscopy the mean radial velocity has been determined to be around 22.4 km/s (13.9 mi/s) towards the Solar System.[80] This gives a speed with respect to the Sun of 32.4 km/s (20.1 mi/s), very close to the peak in the distribution of speeds of nearby stars.[81]

Since α Centauri AB is almost exactly in the plane of the Milky Way as viewed from Earth, many stars appear behind it. In early May 2028, α Centauri A will pass between the Earth and a distant red star, when there is a 45% probability that an Einstein ring will be observed. Other conjunctions will also occur in the coming decades, allowing accurate measurement of proper motions and possibly giving information on planets.[80]

Predicted future changes

[edit]
Line graph with x-axis in thousands of years and y-axis in light years, the lines on the graph being labelled with the names of stars.
Distances of the nearest stars from 20,000 years ago until 80,000 years in the future
Animated image of a sky chart of the southern celestial hemisphere labelled with years.
Animation showing motion of α Centauri through the sky. (The other stars are held fixed for didactic reasons.) "Oggi" means today; "anni" means years.

Based on the system's common proper motion and radial velocities, α Centauri will continue to change its position in the sky significantly and will gradually brighten. For example, in about 6,200 CE, α Centauri's true motion will cause an extremely rare first-magnitude stellar conjunction with Beta Centauri, forming a brilliant optical double star in the southern sky.[54] It will then pass just north of the Southern Cross or Crux, before moving northwest and up towards the present celestial equator and away from the galactic plane. By about 26,700 CE, in the present-day constellation of Hydra, α Centauri will reach perihelion at 0.90 pc or 2.9 ly away,[82] though later calculations suggest that this will occur in 27,000 AD.[83] At its nearest approach, α Centauri will attain a maximum apparent magnitude of −0.86, comparable to present-day magnitude of Canopus, but it will still not surpass that of Sirius, which will brighten incrementally over the next 60,000 years, and will continue to be the brightest star as seen from Earth (other than the Sun) for the next 210,000 years.[84]

Stellar system

[edit]

Alpha Centauri is a triple star system, with its two main stars, A and B, together comprising a binary component. The AB designation, or older A×B, denotes the mass centre of a main binary system relative to companion star(s) in a multiple star system.[85] AB-C refers to the component of Proxima Centauri in relation to the central binary, being the distance between the centre of mass and the outlying companion. Because the distance between Proxima (C) and either of Alpha Centauri A or B is similar, the AB binary system is sometimes treated as a single gravitational object.[86]

Orbital properties

[edit]
Graphic image of a near-circle and a narrow ellipse labelled respectively as "B's real trajectory" and "B's apparent trajectory", with years marked along portions of the ellipses.
Apparent and true orbits of Alpha Centauri. The A component is held stationary, and the relative orbital motion of the B component is shown. The apparent orbit (thin ellipse) is the shape of the orbit as seen by an observer on Earth. The true orbit is the shape of the orbit viewed perpendicular to the plane of the orbital motion. According to the radial velocity versus time,[87] the radial separation of A and B along the line of sight had reached a maximum in 2007, with B being further from Earth than A. The orbit is divided here into 80 points: each step refers to a timestep of approx. 0.99888 years or 364.84 days.

The A and B components of Alpha Centauri have an orbital period of 79.762 years. Their orbit is moderately eccentric, as it has an eccentricity of almost 0.52;[5] their closest approach or periastron is 11.2 AU (1.68×10^9 km), or about the distance between the Sun and Saturn; and their furthest separation or apastron is 35.6 AU (5.33×10^9 km), about the distance between the Sun and Pluto.[16] The most recent periastron was in August 1955 and the next will occur in May 2035; the most recent apastron was in May 1995 and will next occur in 2075.

Viewed from Earth, the apparent orbit of A and B means that their separation and position angle (PA) are in continuous change throughout their projected orbit. Observed stellar positions in 2019 are separated by 4.92 arcsec through the PA of 337.1°, increasing to 5.49 arcsec through 345.3° in 2020.[16] The closest recent approach was in February 2016, at 4.0 arcsec through the PA of 300°.[16][88] The observed maximum separation of these stars is about 22 arcsec, while the minimum distance is 1.7 arcsec.[70] The widest separation occurred during February 1976, and the next will be in January 2056.[16]

Alpha Centauri C is about 13,000 AU (0.21 ly; 1.9×10^12 km) from Alpha Centauri AB, equivalent to about 5% of the distance between Alpha Centauri AB and the Sun.[17][57][69] Until 2017, measurements of its small speed and its trajectory were of too little accuracy and duration in years to determine whether it is bound to Alpha Centauri AB or unrelated.

Radial velocity measurements made in 2017 were precise enough to show that Proxima Centauri and Alpha Centauri AB are gravitationally bound.[17] The orbital period of Proxima Centauri is approximately 511000+41000
−30000 years, with an eccentricity of 0.5, much more eccentric than Mercury's. Proxima Centauri comes within 4100+700
−600 AU of AB at periastron, and its apastron occurs at 12300+200
−100 AU.[5]

Physical properties

[edit]
Four disks of different colours side by side, labelled "Sun", α Centauri A", "α Centauri B", and "Proxima"
The relative sizes and colours of stars in the Alpha Centauri system, compared to the Sun

Asteroseismic studies, chromospheric activity, and stellar rotation (gyrochronology) are all consistent with the Alpha Centauri system being similar in age to, or slightly older than, the Sun.[89] Asteroseismic analyses that incorporate tight observational constraints on the stellar parameters for the Alpha Centauri stars have yielded age estimates of 4.85±0.5 Gyr,[90] 5.0±0.5 Gyr,[91] 5.2 ± 1.9 Gyr,[92] 6.4 Gyr,[93] and 6.52±0.3 Gyr.[94] Age estimates for the stars based on chromospheric activity (Calcium H & K emission) yield 4.4 ± 2.1 Gyr, whereas gyrochronology yields 5.0±0.3 Gyr.[89] Stellar evolution theory implies both stars are slightly older than the Sun at 5 to 6 billion years, as derived by their mass and spectral characteristics.[57][95]

From the orbital elements, the total mass of Alpha Centauri AB is about 2.0 M☉[e] – or twice that of the Sun.[70] The average individual stellar masses are about 1.08 M☉ and 0.91 M☉, respectively,[5] though slightly different masses have also been quoted in recent years, such as 1.14 M☉ and 0.92 M☉,[96] totaling 2.06 M☉. Alpha Centauri A and B have absolute magnitudes of +4.38 and +5.71, respectively.

Alpha Centauri AB System

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A radar map of all stellar objects or stellar systems within 9 light years (ly) from its centre the Sun (Sol). Just next to Alpha Centauri is Proxima Centauri: marked, but unlabeled. The diamond-shapes are their positions entered according to right ascension in hours angle (indicated at the edge of the map's reference disc), and according to their declination. The second mark shows each's distance from Sol, with the concentric circles indicating the distance in steps of 1 ly.
Alpha Centauri A
[edit]

Alpha Centauri A, also known as Rigil Kentaurus, is the principal member, or primary, of the binary system. It is a solar-like main-sequence star with a similar yellowish colour,[97] whose stellar classification is spectral type G2-V;[3] it is about 10% more massive than the Sun,[90] with a radius about 22% larger.[98] When considered among the individual brightest stars in the night sky, it is the fourth-brightest at an apparent magnitude of +0.01,[2] being slightly fainter than Arcturus at an apparent magnitude of −0.05.

The type of magnetic activity on Alpha Centauri A is comparable to that of the Sun, showing coronal variability due to star spots, as modulated by the rotation of the star. However, since 2005 the activity level has fallen into a deep minimum that might be similar to the Sun's historical Maunder Minimum. Alternatively, it may have a very long stellar activity cycle and is slowly recovering from a minimum phase.[99]

Alpha Centauri B
[edit]
"Alpha Centauri B" redirects here. Not to be confused with Beta Centauri.

Alpha Centauri B, also known as Toliman, is the secondary star of the binary system. It is a main-sequence star of spectral type K1-V, making it more an orange colour than Alpha Centauri A;[97] it has around 90% of the mass of the Sun and a 14% smaller diameter. Although it has a lower luminosity than A, Alpha Centauri B emits more energy in the X-ray band.[100] Its light curve varies on a short time scale, and there has been at least one observed flare.[100] It is more magnetically active than Alpha Centauri A, showing a cycle of 8.2±0.2 yr compared to 11 years for the Sun, and has about half the minimum-to-peak variation in coronal luminosity of the Sun.[99] Alpha Centauri B has an apparent magnitude of +1.35, slightly dimmer than Mimosa.[44]

Alpha Centauri C (Proxima Centauri)

[edit]
Main article: Proxima Centauri

Alpha Centauri C, better known as Proxima Centauri, is a small main-sequence red dwarf of spectral class M6-Ve. It has an absolute magnitude of +15.60, over 20,000 times fainter than the Sun. Its mass is calculated to be 0.1221 M☉.[101] It is the closest star to the Sun but is too faint to be visible to the naked eye.[102]

Very wide rectangle with a dot labelled "Sun" on the left and two dots respectively labelled "Alpha Centauri AB" and "Proxima Centauri" on the right side, joined by lines labelled with distances and angles
Relative positions of Sun, Alpha Centauri AB and Proxima Centauri. Grey dot is projection of Proxima Centauri, located at the same distance as Alpha Centauri AB.

Planetary system

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The Alpha Centauri system as a whole has two confirmed planets, both of them around Proxima Centauri. While other planets have been claimed to exist around all of the stars, none of the discoveries have been confirmed.

Planets of Proxima Centauri

[edit]
Main articles: Proxima Centauri b, Proxima Centauri c, and Proxima Centauri d
See also: Proxima Centauri § Planetary system

Proxima Centauri b is a terrestrial planet discovered in 2016 by astronomers at the European Southern Observatory (ESO). It has an estimated minimum mass of 1.17 ME (Earth masses) and orbits approximately 0.049 AU from Proxima Centauri, placing it in the star's habitable zone.[103][104]

The discovery of Proxima Centauri c was formally published in 2020 and could be a super-Earth or mini-Neptune.[105][106] It has a mass of roughly 7 ME and orbits about 1.49 AU from Proxima Centauri with a period of 1,928 days (5.28 yr).[107] In June 2020, a possible direct imaging detection of the planet hinted at the presence of a large ring system.[108] However, a 2022 study disputed the existence of this planet.[19]

A 2020 paper refining Proxima b's mass excludes the presence of extra companions with masses above 0.6 ME at periods shorter than 50 days, but the authors detected a radial-velocity curve with a periodicity of 5.15 days, suggesting the presence of a planet with a mass of about 0.29 ME.[104] This planet, Proxima Centauri d, was detected in 2022.[18][19]

Planets of Alpha Centauri A

[edit]
Main article: Alpha Centauri Ab
The discovery image of Alpha Centauri's candidate Neptunian planet, marked here as "C1"
The Alpha Centauri A planetary system
Companion
(in order from star) 		Mass Semimajor axis
(AU) 		Orbital period
(days) 		Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b (unconfirmed) 9~35[f] M🜨 1.1 ~360 — ~65 ± 25° 3.3~7 R🜨

In 2021, a candidate planet named Candidate 1 (or C1) was detected around Alpha Centauri A, thought to orbit at approximately 1.1 AU with a period of about one year, and to have a mass between that of Neptune and one-half that of Saturn, though it may be a dust disk or an artifact. The possibility of C1 being a background star has been ruled out.[109][20] If this candidate is confirmed, the temporary name C1 will most likely be replaced with the scientific designation Alpha Centauri Ab in accordance with current naming conventions.[110]

GO Cycle 1 observations are planned for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to search for planets around Alpha Centauri A, as well as observations of Epsilon Muscae.[111] The coronographic observations, which occurred on July 26 and 27, 2023, were failures, though there are follow-up observations in March 2024.[112] Pre-launch estimates predicted that JWST will be able to find planets with a radius of 5 R🜨 at 1–3 AU. Multiple observations every 3–6 months could push the limit down to 3 R🜨.[113] Post-launch estimates based on observations of HIP 65426 b find that JWST will be able to find planets even closer to Alpha Centauri A and could find a 5 R🜨 planet at 0.5–2.5 AU.[114] Candidate 1 has an estimated radius between 3.3–11 R🜨[20] and orbits at 1.1 AU. It is therefore likely within the reach of JWST observations.

Planets of Alpha Centauri B

[edit]
Main article: Alpha Centauri Bb

The first claim of a planet around Alpha Centauri B was that of Alpha Centauri Bb in 2012, which was proposed to be an Earth-mass planet in a 3.2-day orbit.[115] This was refuted in 2015 when the apparent planet was shown to be an artifact of the way the radial velocity data was processed.[116][117][21]

A search for transits of planet Bb was conducted with the Hubble Space Telescope from 2013 to 2014. This search detected one potential transit-like event, which could be associated with a different planet with a radius around 0.92 R🜨. This planet would most likely orbit Alpha Centauri B with an orbital period of 20.4 days or less, with only a 5% chance of it having a longer orbit. The median of the likely orbits is 12.4 days. Its orbit would likely have an eccentricity of 0.24 or less.[118] It could have lakes of molten lava and would be far too close to Alpha Centauri B to harbour life.[119] If confirmed, this planet might be called Alpha Centauri Bc. However, the name has not been used in the literature, as it is not a claimed discovery.

Hypothetical planets

[edit]

Additional planets may exist in the Alpha Centauri system, either orbiting Alpha Centauri A or Alpha Centauri B individually, or in large orbits around Alpha Centauri AB. Because both stars are fairly similar to the Sun (for example, in age and metallicity), astronomers have been especially interested in making detailed searches for planets in the Alpha Centauri system. Several established planet-hunting teams have used various radial velocity or star transit methods in their searches around these two bright stars.[120] All the observational studies have so far failed to find evidence for brown dwarfs or gas giants.[120][121]

In 2009, computer simulations showed that a planet might have been able to form near the inner edge of Alpha Centauri B's habitable zone, which extends from 0.5–0.9 AU from the star. Certain special assumptions, such as considering that the Alpha Centauri pair may have initially formed with a wider separation and later moved closer to each other (as might be possible if they formed in a dense star cluster), would permit an accretion-friendly environment farther from the star.[122] Bodies around Alpha Centauri A would be able to orbit at slightly farther distances due to its stronger gravity. In addition, the lack of any brown dwarfs or gas giants in close orbits around Alpha Centauri make the likelihood of terrestrial planets greater than otherwise.[123] A theoretical study indicates that a radial velocity analysis might detect a hypothetical planet of 1.8 ME in Alpha Centauri B's habitable zone.[124]

Radial velocity measurements of Alpha Centauri B made with the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher spectrograph were sufficiently sensitive to detect a 4 ME planet within the habitable zone of the star (i.e. with an orbital period P = 200 days), but no planets were detected.[115]

Current estimates place the probability of finding an Earth-like planet around Alpha Centauri at roughly 75%.[125] The observational thresholds for planet detection in the habitable zones by the radial velocity method are currently (2017) estimated to be about 53 ME for Alpha Centauri A, 8.4 ME for Alpha Centauri B, and 0.47 ME for Proxima Centauri.[126]

Early computer-generated models of planetary formation predicted the existence of terrestrial planets around both Alpha Centauri A and B,[124][127] but most recent numerical investigations have shown that the gravitational pull of the companion star renders the accretion of planets difficult.[122][128] Despite these difficulties, given the similarities to the Sun in spectral types, star type, age and probable stability of the orbits, it has been suggested that this stellar system could hold one of the best possibilities for harbouring extraterrestrial life on a potential planet.[6][123][129][127]

In the Solar System, it was once thought that Jupiter and Saturn were probably crucial in perturbing comets into the inner Solar System, providing the inner planets with a source of water and various other ices.[130] However, since isotope measurements of the deuterium to hydrogen (D/H) ratio in comets Halley, Hyakutake, Hale–Bopp, 2002T7, and Tuttle yield values approximately twice that of Earth's oceanic water, more recent models and research predict that less than 10% of Earth's water was supplied from comets. In the α Centauri system, Proxima Centauri may have influenced the planetary disk as the α Centauri system was forming, enriching the area around Alpha Centauri with volatile materials.[131] This would be discounted if, for example, α Centauri B happened to have gas giants orbiting α Centauri A (or vice versa), or if α Centauri A and B themselves were able to perturb comets into each other's inner systems, as Jupiter and Saturn presumably have done in the Solar System.[130] Such icy bodies probably also reside in Oort clouds of other planetary systems. When they are influenced gravitationally by either the gas giants or disruptions by passing nearby stars, many of these icy bodies then travel star-wards.[130] Such ideas also apply to the close approach of Alpha Centauri or other stars to the Solar system, when, in the distant future, the Oort Cloud might be disrupted enough to increase the number of active comets.[82]

To be in the habitable zone, a planet around Alpha Centauri A would have an orbital radius of between about 1.2 and 2.1 AU so as to have similar planetary temperatures and conditions for liquid water to exist.[132] For the slightly less luminous and cooler α Centauri B, the habitable zone is between about 0.7 and 1.2 AU.[132]

With the goal of finding evidence of such planets, both Proxima Centauri and α Centauri AB were among the listed "Tier-1" target stars for NASA's Space Interferometry Mission (S.I.M.). Detecting planets as small as three Earth-masses or smaller within two AU of a "Tier-1" target would have been possible with this new instrument.[133] The S.I.M. mission, however, was cancelled due to financial issues in 2010.[134]

Circumstellar discs

[edit]

Based on observations between 2007 and 2012, a study found a slight excess of emissions in the 24 μm (mid/far-infrared) band surrounding α Centauri AB, which may be interpreted as evidence for a sparse circumstellar disc or dense interplanetary dust.[135] The total mass was estimated to be between 10−7 to 10−6 the mass of the Moon, or 10–100 times the mass of the Solar System's zodiacal cloud.[135] If such a disc existed around both stars, α Centauri A's disc would likely be stable to 2.8 AU, and α Centauri B's would likely be stable to 2.5 AU [135] This would put A's disc entirely within the frost line, and a small part of B's outer disc just outside.[135]

View from this system

[edit]
Simulated night-sky image centred on Orion labelled with constellation names in red and star names in yellow, including Sirius very close to Betelgeuse and the Sun near Cassiopeia.
Looking towards the sky around Orion from Alpha Centauri with Sirius near Betelgeuse, Procyon in Gemini, and the Sun in Cassiopeia generated by Celestia
Simulated night-sky image with a "W" of stars from Cassiopeia connected by lines, and the Sun, labeled "Sol", as it would appear to the left of the "W"

The sky from α Centauri AB would appear much as it does from the Earth, except that Centaurus's brightest star, being α Centauri AB itself, would be absent from the constellation. The Sun would appear as a white star of apparent magnitude +0.5,[136] roughly the same as the average brightness of Betelgeuse from Earth. It would be at the antipodal point of α Centauri AB's current right ascension and declination, at 02h 39m 36s +60° 50′ 02.308″ (2000), in eastern Cassiopeia, easily outshining all the rest of the stars in the constellation. With the placement of the Sun east of the magnitude 3.4 star Epsilon Cassiopeiae, nearly in front of the Heart Nebula, the "W" line of stars of Cassiopeia would have a "/W" shape.[137]

Other nearby stars' placements may be affected somewhat drastically. Sirius, at 9.2 light years away from the system, would still be the brightest star in the night sky, with a magnitude of -1.2, but would be located in Orion less than a degree away from Betelgeuse. Procyon, which would also be at a slightly further distance than from the Sun, would move to outshine Pollux in the middle of Gemini.

A planet around either α Centauri A or B would see the other star as a very bright secondary. For example, an Earth-like planet at 1.25 AU from α Cen A (with a revolution period of 1.34 years) would get Sun-like illumination from its primary, and α Cen B would appear 5.7–8.6 magnitudes dimmer (−21.0 to −18.2), 190–2,700 times dimmer than α Cen A but still 150–2,100 times brighter than the full Moon. Conversely, an Earth-like planet at 0.71 AU from α Cen B (with a revolution period of 0.63 years) would get nearly Sun-like illumination from its primary, and α Cen A would appear 4.6–7.3 magnitudes dimmer (−22.1 to −19.4), 70 to 840 times dimmer than α Cen B but still 470–5,700 times brighter than the full Moon.

Proxima Centauri would appear dim as one of many stars, being magnitude 4.5 at its current distance, and magnitude 2.6 at periastron.[138]

Future exploration

[edit]
Image of a very large telescope dome open to the night sky, with the Milky Way running diagonally across the sky above it and many southern stars and constellations labelled and connected by lines
The Very Large Telescope and Alpha Centauri
See also: 2069 Alpha Centauri mission

Alpha Centauri is a first target for crewed or robotic interstellar exploration. Using current spacecraft technologies, crossing the distance between the Sun and Alpha Centauri would take several millennia, though the possibility of nuclear pulse propulsion or laser light sail technology, as considered in the Breakthrough Starshot program, could make the journey to Alpha Centauri in 20 years.[139][140][141] An objective of such a mission would be to make a fly-by of, and possibly photograph, planets that might exist in the system.[142][143] The existence of Proxima Centauri b, announced by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) in August 2016, would be a target for the Starshot program.[142][144]

NASA released a mission concept in 2017 that would send a spacecraft to Alpha Centauri in 2069, scheduled to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the first crewed lunar landing in 1969, Apollo 11. Even at speed 10% of the speed of light (about 108 million km/h), which NASA experts say may be possible, it would take a spacecraft 44 years to reach the constellation, by the year 2113, and would take another 4 years for a signal, by the year 2117 to reach Earth. The concept received no further funding or development.[145][146]

Historical distance estimates

[edit]
Alpha Centauri AB historical distance estimates
Source Year Subject Parallax (mas) Distance References
parsecs light-years petametres
H. Henderson 1839 AB 1160±110 0.86+0.09
−0.07		 2.81 ± 0.53 26.6+2.8
−2.3		 [75]
T. Henderson 1842 AB 912.8±64 1.10 ± 0.15 3.57 ± 0.5 33.8+2.5
−2.2 		[147]
Maclear 1851 AB 918.7±34 1.09±0.04 3.55+0.14
−0.13 		32.4 ± 2.5 [148]
Moesta 1868 AB 880±68 1.14+0.10
−0.08 		3.71+0.31
−0.27 		35.1+2.9
−2.5 		[149]
Gill & Elkin 1885 AB 750±10 1.333±0.018 4.35±0.06 41.1+0.6
−0.5 		[150]
Roberts 1895 AB 710±50 1.32 ± 0.2 4.29 ± 0.65 43.5+3.3
−2.9 		[151]
Woolley et al. 1970 AB 743±7 1.346±0.013 4.39±0.04 41.5±0.4 [152]
Gliese & Jahreiß 1991 AB 749.0±4.7 1.335±0.008 4.355±0.027 41.20±0.26 [153]
van Altena et al. 1995 AB 749.9±5.4 1.334±0.010 4.349+0.032
−0.031 		41.15+0.30
−0.29 		[154]
Perryman et al. 1997 AB 742.12±1.40 1.3475±0.0025 4.395±0.008 41.58±0.08[155][156]
Söderhjelm 1999 AB 747.1±1.2 1.3385+0.0022
−0.0021 		4.366±0.007 41.30±0.07 [157]
van Leeuwen 2007 A 754.81±4.11 1.325±0.007 4.321+0.024
−0.023 		40.88±0.22 [158]
B 796.92±25.90 1.25±0.04 4.09+0.14
−0.13 		37.5 ± 2.5 [159]
RECONS TOP100 2012 AB 747.23±1.17[g] 1.3383±0.0021 4.365±0.007 41.29±0.06 [96]

In culture

[edit]

Alpha Centauri has been recognized and associated throughout history, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere. Polynesians have been using Alpha Centauri for their star navigation and have called it Kamailehope. In the Ngarrindjeri culture of Australia, Alpha Centauri represents with Beta Centauri two sharks chasing a stingray, the Southern Cross, and in Incan culture it with Beta Centauri form the eyes of a llama-shaped dark constellation embedded in the band of stars that the visible Milky Way forms in the sky. In ancient Egypt it was also revered and in China it is known as part of the South Gate asterism.[160] Due to its proximity, the Alpha Centauri system has appeared in many works of fiction.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Proxima Centauri is gravitationally bound to the α Centauri system, but for practical and historical reasons it is described in detail in its own article.
  2. ^ Spellings include Rigjl Kentaurus,[30] Portuguese Riguel Kentaurus,[31][32]
  3. ^ This is calculated for a fixed latitude by knowing the star's declination (δ) using the formulae (90°+ δ). α Centauri's declination is −60° 50′, so the observed latitude where the star is circumpolar will be south of −29° 10′ South or 29°. Similarly, the place where Alpha Centauri never rises for northern observers is north of the latitude (90°+ δ) N or +29° North.
  4. ^ Proper motions are expressed in smaller angular units than arcsec, being measured in milliarcsec (mas.) (thousandths of an arcsec). Negative values for proper motion in RA indicate the sky motion is from east to west, and in declination north to south.
  5. ^ – see formula in standard gravitational parameter article.
  6. ^ These mass limits are calculated from the observed radius of 3.3~7 R🜨 applied to the equation quoted, and presumably used, to calculate the planet mass from the planet radius in the Wagner et al 2021 paper:[20] R ∝ M 0.55 (although this radius-mass relationship is for low-mass planets and not for larger gas giants). Therefore 3.31.82 = 8.77 ME and 71.82 = 34.52 ME. The Msin i ≥ 53 ME is for a planet at the outer edge of the conservative habitable zone, 2.1 AU, and so the upper mass limit is lower than that for the C1 planet at just 1.1 AU.
  7. ^ Weighted parallax based on parallaxes from van Altena et al. (1995) and Söderhjelm (1999).

References

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  160. ^ "Alpha Centauri, the star system closest to our sun". Earth & Sky. 16 April 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
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